A 67-year-old woman suffers from back and hip

pain. Physical examination reveals that she has a slightly stooped posture and

is slightly shorter than she was a few years ago. The patient is most likely

suffering from osteoporosis, which particularly affects postmenopausal women.

To confirm this, a bone density measurement, called densitometry, is performed

using X-rays. What should the measured bone density be to confirm osteoporosis?

A 12-year-old boy is at his GP for a routine preventive check-up. His

height seems unusual for his age, as he is 160 cm tall, which is significantly above average according to the growth charts. Examination of the growth (somatotropin)

hormone (HGH) level from the blood shows its elevated value. The boy is

therefore diagnosed with so-called gigantism caused by excessive secretion of

HGH from the pituitary gland. Which of the following conditions must be met for

excess HGH to manifest itself as gigantism, i.e. excessive growth of the entire

body? (illustrative figure – ossification)

During the acute operation of a patient after a

traffic accident and after repeated unsuccessful intubation, an acute coniotomy

is performed (cutting the conic ligament and securing the airway through this

opening in the larynx). This is subsequently replaced by a tracheotomy due to

the expected long-term artificial lung ventilation. During this procedure, 2-3

cartilaginous rings of the trachea are cut. What type of cartilage is here?

A 20-year-old man sustained a twisting injury to his right knee while playing football. He underwent partial medial meniscectomy. Which of the following is true for the resected tissue?

A 54-year-old woman presents with numbness and

weakness in her lower extremity as well as pain that radiates from her lower

back down the back of the thigh. Imaging reveals that the patient has a

herniated intervertebral disk. This occurs when the softer center of the disk,

the nucleus pulposus, herniates out of the stronger outer portion, the annulus

fibrosus. What is typical for the tissue forming the annulus fibrosus?

The 69-year-old man's condition has deteriorated

greatly in the last few days. He feels very tired, faint, and weak. For the

third day, he still has a fever that is not responding to medication, but he

has no other symptoms of infection. He has developed small petechiae (spotty

bleeding) on his limbs and has had epistaxis (nosebleeds) several times. He is

now coming to the doctor because these symptoms are compounded by shortness of

breath and non-specific neurological symptoms. The GP immediately sends the

patient to the hospital, where the results of the blood count suggest a lot

about the patient's diagnosis. The patient has anaemia, thrombocytopenia and

leukopenia, but immature forms of white blood cells, called blasts, are present

in the blood. It is very likely that this patient has some form of acute

leukaemia. However, red bone marrow sampling is necessary to confirm and

establish a specific diagnosis. In which bones in adulthood does red bone marrow

remain and is it therefore possible to perform the necessary sampling from

them?

A 46-year-old woman fell on ice in winter and

broke her tibia. After an X-ray examination, it was decided to cast the limb.

After 2 weeks she presented for a check-up and tightening of the cast; after 8

weeks the cast was removed. During the healing process of the bone fracture, a

blood clot first appears filling the fracture. The clot is remodelled into a

non-specific granulation tissue. This tissue then forms a connective callus. In

the temporary connective tissue, both the fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

differentiate. The connective tissue and cartilage are subsequently replaced by

bone. Which type of bone tissue appears first during the healing process?

A

26-year-old woman who is known to be

6 weeks pregnant presents with severe abdominal pain. An ultrasound is performed and demonstrates a corpus luteum cyst. The

following figure is obtained from the biopsy of the cyst. What is the function of the organelle indicated by the

arrow?

A 30-year-old patient underwent a biopsy of the

submandibular salivary gland in the ENT department due to significant swelling

of unclear origin. This eventually proves to be histologically normal. What is

this sample most likely to look like?