Due to family history, the

newborn underwent genetic tests and was diagnosed with osteopetrosis. It is a

rare disease that limits the function of osteoclasts. These do not fulfill

their function, and therefore immature bone tissue cannot remodel and cannot be

replaced by definitive lamellar bone. Although bones grow and enlarge, only

primary fibrillar bone tissue is formed. In addition, there is increased

mineralization of bone tissue. Which of the following statements will be true

about bone tissue in this disease?

During successful resuscitation, a 68-year-old

female patient suffered fractures of several ribs. The extracellular matrix of

the hyaline cartilage, which connects the bony part of the rib to the sternum,

calcifies in older age (is encrusted with calcium salts). This makes the

cartilage less elastic and even brittle, making it more susceptible to

fractures. Which of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans is most abundant in the

extracellular matrix of cartilage?

Achondroplasia is an

autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral

ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However,

the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is

a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital

arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?

A 7-year-old boy who is a refugee from an impoverished country presents with weakness, soreness in his extremities, bruising, and bleeding of the gums. He is diagnosed with scurvy, which is caused by a lack of dietary vitamin C. Vitamin C is crucial for post-translational modification and thus the stability of the spatial arrangement of collagen. Therefore, scurvy has an effect on which of the following cell types in bone? 

A 54-year-old woman presents with numbness and

weakness in her lower extremity as well as pain that radiates from her lower

back down the back of the thigh. Imaging reveals that the patient has a

herniated intervertebral disk. This occurs when the softer center of the disk,

the nucleus pulposus, herniates out of the stronger outer portion, the annulus

fibrosus. What is typical for the tissue forming the annulus fibrosus?

A new lab technician was given the task of

preparing a new slide of earlobe for the students. She prepared and cut the

slides. But now she has to choose the appropriate staining so that the students

can observe this slide, including the cartilage and its fibers, in the best and

easiest way and to achieve the greatest contrast between elastin, connective

tissue, and epithelium. Which of the stains offered would you choose for this

slide? (figures – illustration of staining)

Two healthy individuals have a healthy son. His

physical, motor, psychological, and social development fully corresponded to

his age. Now at the age of two, the patient is admitted for a suspected

fracture of the right tibia. The injury is negative and the mechanism of

fracture is unknown. In addition, he was already hospitalized once 5 months ago

for a left radius fracture. The mechanism of fracture was not identified here

either. Physical examination reveals limited mobility of the right lower

extremity, soreness in the lower tibia and gluteal region and a relatively

greater amount of bruising on the body overall. Slightly bluish sclerae are

noticeable. X-ray confirms the diagnosis of a fracture of the right tibia.

Basic laboratory findings (blood count and biochemistry) are normal. Genetic

testing shows that the disease is caused by a mutation and defect in collagen

formation associated with, among other things, increased bone fragility. This

is the disease

A 22-year-old woman who plays ice hockey

sustains a knee injury during a match. Imaging of the knee is negative for bone fractures but does show, as an incidental finding, growth

into the bone called an enchondroma, a benign cartilage neoplasm. A biopsy is

performed. Histologic analysis shows cartilage lacking elastic fibers and type

II collagen fibers dominate here. What type of tissue is found in this lesion?

A 60-year-old man presents with bone pain. He also mentions recent weight loss, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Testing reveals a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, accumulation of changed antibody-secreting plasma cells. Stimulation of bone resorption is among the widespread effects of this disease. The tumor cells stimulate which of the cell types identified by letters in the figure?

A 33-year-old man visits a general

practitioner's office complaining of loss of smell, frequent nosebleeds,

difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. During the interview he admits to

cocaine use since his college days. Subsequent examination in the ENT clinic,

to which the patient is referred, reveals the presence of severe inflammation

of the nasal mucosa and a disrupted cartilage structure in the nasal septum.

What type of collagen predominates in this type of cartilage?