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PHY2011 - Neuroscience of communication, sensory and control systems - S1 2025

PHY2011 - Neuroscience of communication, sensory and control systems - S1 2025

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Taste transduction:

can involve direct opening or closing of ion channels, or involve 2nd messenger systems.

involves cyclic GMP binding to voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels.

is similar to visual transduction in always involving a cascade of reactions.

is similar to auditory transduction in always involving the opening of mechanically-gated ion channels.

is similar to somatosensory transduction in always involving the opening of Na⁺ channels.

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Olfactory transduction is similar to somatosensory transduction in that

the AP is produced in a specialized receptor cell and then transmitted to a neuron.

they both involve 2nd messenger systems to produce the depolarizing receptor generator potential.

they involve the production of a generator/receptor potential that causes transmitter release to a nerve fibre.

they involve the spread of the generator/receptor potential to a region near the cell body to produce APs.

they both involve mechanically-gated ion channels.

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Taste cells show the following taste sensitivities

Two types are sensitive to different sensations, and one type responds broadly to all tastes

Two types respond broadly to all tastes, and one type is sensitive to different sensations

All types respond broadly to all tastes

All types are sensitive to different sensations

Vary in their sensitivity depending on where they are lcoated on the tongue

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Olfactory receptor cells are

Bipolar neurons with a cilia containg the receptor proteins

Specialized receptor cells with a cilia containg the receptor proteins

Specialized receptor cells with microvilli that have ion channels

Specialized endings of nerve fibres with microvilli that have ion channels

Specialized supporting cells with microvilli that have ion channels

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Tranduction for salt and for sour sensations is similar in that

They both involve direct effects via ion channels

They both involve indirect effects via GPCRs

They both involve indirect effects via different GPCRs acting on the same type of G protein

They both involve indirect effects via the same GPCR acting on different types of G proteins

They both involve indirect effects on the same type of ion channels via different GPCRs acting on different types of G proteins

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In the figure of the structure of the eye, the optic nerve is indicated by the letter

Image failed to load: Structure of the eye

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

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You would expect that density of receptors alone could account for the differences between finger tip and forearm in localization skills.

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The muscles of the iris are the ciliary muscles.

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With ageing there is a decrease in pupillary reflexes and this decreases the power of accommodation of the eye

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Image failed to load: Myopia and hypermetropia figures

With respect to the two figures above, answer the following questions:

1. The visual problem shown in panel A is called

Spherical aberration

2. The problem in A is most likely to arise in the eye from

Lens being too short

Eyeball length being greater than appropriate for the eye's refractive index

Eyeball length being less than appropriate for the eye's refractive index

Horizontal and vertical line rays being brought to foci at different point

Lens being too long

Too much accommodation

3. The visual problem in panel A can be corrected using

Extra accommodation

Spherical lenses

Circular lenses

4. The visual problem shown in panel B is called

Spherical aberration

5. The problem in B is most likely to arise in the eye from

Eyeball length being less than appropriate for the eye's refractive index

Lens being too short

Eyeball length being greater than appropriate for the eye's refractive index

Horizontal and vertical line rays being brought to foci at different point

Lens being too long

Too much accommodation

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