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IMM2011 - Basic immunology: The body's defence system - S1 2025

IMM2011 - Basic immunology: The body's defence system - S1 2025

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In this class we will use PBS-Tween. PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) is a very common reagent we use, and Tween-20 is a detergent and is also commonly used.

The recipe for PBS-Tween is:

0.13M NaCl (Mw: 58.44)
7mM Na₂HPO₄ (Mw: 141.96)
3mM NaH₂PO₄ (Mw: 137.99)
Tween-20 (0.05% v/v)

You need to make 1.5 L PBS-Tween, in grams how much Na₂HPO₄ do you need (report to 2 decimal places)? g

How much Tween-20 (in mls) do you need to add (report to 2 decimal places)? ml

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Which of the following best depicts the kinetics of the adaptive immune response to infection over time?

(The actual amount of time on the x-axis is unimportant, it could be weeks, months, or years.)

Image failed to load: Kinetics - option 1

✅✨

Image failed to load: Kinetics - option 3

❌

Image failed to load: Kinetics - option 2

❌

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Which type of ELISA are we performing in this exercise?

Sandwich

Indirect

Direct

Competitive

A feature of the complement system is:

There are multiple pathways that can be triggered by binding to the same target structure.

There are multiple pathways that once triggered lead to the same effector function.

✅

There are multiple independent pathways that behave individually but result in a similar outcome.

It is highly specific and relies on learning and remembering past exposure to microbes.

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The specificity of the TLRs within the endosome:

Are quite varied and as a whole bind to a large range of different types of structures.

Capitalise on the process that occurs within the endosome to expose defined structures.

✅

Match those found on the cell surface to capture escaped microbes.

Are all identical because they bind nucleic acids.

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In the process of an immune response to a pathogen, both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells will be activated. In this process:

The expansion of both CD4 and CD8 T cells is about equal to provide a targeted and specific response.

CD8 T cell expansion will outnumber CD4 T cell expansion due to the effector function of CTLs compared to T helper cells.

✅

The pathogen epitopes that are presented to both the CD4 and CD8 T cells will be identical to enhance effector functions.

It is the role of the CD4 T cell once activated to then present antigen to naive CD8 T cells to drive activation and the generation of CTLs.

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Signal 2, which we associate with the activation of naive T cells is:

The driven by the increased association of adhesion molecules to maintain contact between T cells and dendritic cells

Is linked to the innate feature of the dendritic cells that involves Pattern recognition receptors and their recognition of pathogen structures.

✅

Occurs once all the surface interactions between Dendritic cell and T cell have occurred and is indicating the activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways.

Refers specifically to the cytokines that are released by dendritic cells to drive the second aspect of activation which is differentiation to a T helper subset.

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The area or region where a T cell and dendritic cell

are interacting during the process of activation is often termed the:

Immune synapse

100%

Immune gathering

Immune grouping

Immune assembly

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Which of the following ARE NOT

processes that

occurs at the cell surface during the process of a CD4 T cell being activated

by a dendritic cell. There may be more than one.

Engagement of TCR with MHC+peptide

Binding of CD4 to MHC class I

✅

Binding of LFA-1 to ICAM-1

Binding of adhesion molecules to co-stimulatory

molecules

✅

Binding of ICAM-1 to CD28

✅

Phosphoylation of intracellular adaptor proteins

✅

Binding of transcription factor to cytokine

genes

✅

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For each of the listed statements, indicate if it is true, false not able to determine.

The TCR on a Cytotoxic T cell interacts with MHC class II presenting peptide

All nucleated cells are able to activate a naive T cell.

Dendritic cells that have captured and are processing antigens will also be expressing the B7 co-stimulatory molecule

Engagement of TCR with MHC+peptide is all that is required to activate the T cell

Each T cell has a unique TCR and it also has a unique intracellular signalling pathway.

Co-stimulatory molecules are always present at high levels on dendritic cells to maximise activation upon TCR engagement to MHC+peptide

The chemokine signal that enables a naive T cells to enter a lymph node is the same as that will allows that cells once activated to enter a tissue that is infected.

At the site of infection in a tissue, the expression of E-selectin on endothelial cells will be influenced by cytokines produced within the infected tissue.

At the site of an infection, chemokine will be recognised by chemokine receptors on activated T cells. The increased adhesion promoted by this is due to the elevated levels of the co-stimulatory molecule B7 expressed on the surface of T cells and interacting with its CD28 receptor on T cells.

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