A large force between the workpiece and the cutting tool requiring sturdy and rigid structurers.

The peeling of metal resulting in metal chips and friction resulting in waste heat that may need to be removed using coolant to prevent excessive temperatures that can affect both the cutting tool and the workpiece.

Hard and sharp cutting edges made commonly from high speed steel or ceramics such as carbide.

Abrasive action between the tool and the workpiece.

A heat affected zone (HAZ) in the areas surrounding the surfaces where material has been removed.