A rotary table is used to precisely rotate the workpiece for positioning and during milling operations.

An indexing table is used to ensure accuracy in positioning when a finite number of equally spaced intervals in one rotation is needed.

A face mill is used to machine flat a large area.

An end mill can be used to machine slots.

A ball mill is used to machine contoured surfaces and fillets in corners.

A hobs cutter is used to machine internal keyways.

A 4 jaw chuck is usually self centering.

A 3 jaw chuck can be used to hold workpieces in an off centered position.

A tailstock (or end stock) is used to support longer workpiece so that it rotates precisely about the desired axis.

Straight or tapered turning are operation performed to get the desired outer diameter.

Chucks used on lathes can only grip on the outer surface of workpieces.

A large force between the workpiece and the cutting tool requiring sturdy and rigid structurers.

The peeling of metal resulting in metal chips and friction resulting in waste heat that may need to be removed using coolant to prevent excessive temperatures that can affect both the cutting tool and the workpiece.

Hard and sharp cutting edges made commonly from high speed steel or ceramics such as carbide.

Abrasive action between the tool and the workpiece.

A heat affected zone (HAZ) in the areas surrounding the surfaces where material has been removed.

Usually a hard materials such as silicon carbide, alumina or silica is used as the abrasive compound.

Cutting disc used on angle grinders and drop saws use a very hard and strong wearing matrix to bind the abrasive compound to form a disc.

Water jet cutters use a high speed jet of pure water created by first pumping the water to very high pressure and then feeding it through a very small nozzle.

Water jet cutting can work on nearly every material be it wood, stone, metals, carbon fiber reinforce polymer (CFRP) sheets, foam and ceramic tiles. 

All abrasive cutting methods will be expected to leave a heat affected zone (HAZ).

Reduce the grain size to improve mechanical properties.

To work harden the workpiece.

To obtain a smooth  surface texture.

To form the martensite phase that will  increase hardness.