A 40-year-old female patient presents with mild

anemia and reticulocytosis (increased number of reticulocytes in the blood),

which worsens intermittently. In addition, splenomegaly and icterus (yellow

discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes) are present during physical

examination. A blood smear was performed for these non-specific symptoms and it

was evident by looking at it that some of the erythrocytes lacked central

pallor. The diagnosis is hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disease caused by

a defect in the gene for the structural proteins of the erythrocyte

cytoskeleton and membrane. The surface of the erythrocyte is reduced relative

to its internal volume, causing a change in shape from biconcave to

spherical. What are the names of the basic structural proteins of the

erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton?

During successful resuscitation, a 68-year-old

female patient suffered fractures of several ribs. The extracellular matrix of

the hyaline cartilage, which connects the bony part of the rib to the sternum,

calcifies in older age (is encrusted with calcium salts). This makes the

cartilage less elastic and even brittle, making it more susceptible to

fractures. Which of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans is most abundant in the

extracellular matrix of cartilage?

Due to family history, the

newborn underwent genetic tests and was diagnosed with osteopetrosis. It is a

rare disease that limits the function of osteoclasts. These do not fulfill

their function, and therefore immature bone tissue cannot remodel and cannot be

replaced by definitive lamellar bone. Although bones grow and enlarge, only

primary fibrillar bone tissue is formed. In addition, there is increased

mineralization of bone tissue. Which of the following statements will be true

about bone tissue in this disease?

A 36-year-old man is required to attend a

Pulmonary clinic as part of a contact investigation for a person who tested positive for tuberculosis. He works in a factory where he encounters a large number of

unvaccinated persons among whom the disease has begun to spread. Since the man

is properly vaccinated and his results are negative, this check is performed only a

once.

A student is reviewing how connective tissue structure correlates to function of an organ. Which of the following might be the source of the tissue in the figure below?

A 54-year-old woman presents with numbness and

weakness in her lower extremity as well as pain that radiates from her lower

back down the back of the thigh. Imaging reveals that the patient has a

herniated intervertebral disk. This occurs when the softer center of the disk,

the nucleus pulposus, herniates out of the stronger outer portion, the annulus

fibrosus. What is typical for the tissue forming the annulus fibrosus?

55-year-old wo

man

with a history of chronic kidney disease comes

to the physician for a 2-month history of easy

fatigability. Physical examination shows subconjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin

concentration is 80 g/l. Treatment with erythropoietin has been administered. A

peripheral blood smear is obtained one week after treatment. A photomicrograph

of the smear after specialized staining is shown. The prominent color of the intracellular structure in

some of the cells is most likely the result of staining which of the following?

A 21-year-old patient is brought to the physician because of

a 1-week history of fever and fatigue. During this period,

he has also had decreased appetite and a weight loss (around 1.5

kg). His temperature is 39.2°C, pulse is 118/min, respirations are 16/min,

and blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg. Physical examination shows enlarged

lymph nodes in the neck area. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin

concentration of 150 g/l, a leukocyte count of 21,000/mm

A student is reviewing formed blood elements before her exam. She has pictures of the following ones. Picture of which leukocyte does she need to get to learn a complete set of leukocytes?

The family is at home on a Saturday afternoon

playing board games together. Already during the afternoon, two family members

have a headache and feel slightly dizzy. In the evening, the situation worsens

and the younger daughter starts vomiting and is noticeably sleepy. The parents

take her and her older sister, who is also unwell, to the emergency. There, it

is discovered that the cause is carbon monoxide poisoning, which the whole family

has poisoned during the afternoon and evening thanks to the broken tankless gas

water heater in the bathroom. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin about 210

times more strongly than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin and occupying oxygen-binding sites. The result is tissue anoxia. Which of these parameters will be

reduced as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning?