Giving up the own point of view.

Responding with counter-arguments

Active listening.

Staying to the own point of view.

During flight operations it is limited to the exchange of information with ATC (read-back)

It is a clear indication of an inappropriate authority gradient between the Commander and

Co-Pilot.

During flight operations it is advised to take place only if time permits or when in cruise

flight.

It supports clarity of information transfer and a better social climate among crew

members.

A well-trained pilot will follow SOPs without the need to employ cognitive resources in the decision-making process, thereby maintaining the workload at an optimum level.

SOPs are an effective aid to decision-making for the flight crew, reducing their workload and reducing the probability of taking poor decisions and making errors.

SOPs are presented in written form as checklists and manuals, so pilots do NOT need to store in long-term memory the correct procedure for a given situation.

SOPs for emergency situations must be followed by the crew, as they help to ensure a safe out come, though flight crew can modify SOPs for normal situations. if so agreed during the pre-flight briefing.

The ability to reach the most advantageous option from a number of choices.

Creativity, innovation and adaptability.

The ability to analyse and memorise.

The ability to analyse and compare.

quick comprehension and simplified grammar

better communication even if professionals are not from the same field

longer attention span

more precise grammar

errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

behavioural errors

routine errors (slips)

decision-making errors

Take the appropriate action without considering the available options.

Avoid relying on checklists and standard operating procedures.

Assume that the correct actions have been carried out without subsequently checking on the results.

Be consciously aware of your actions and check that the appropriate actions have been executed.

when body temperature is rising.

while performing a task recognised to be complex.

immediately after waking up.

during high workload.

Explicit communication, which means that the message is difficult to identify and is open to multiple interpretations.

Explicit communication, which is prone to confirmation bias, that is, we hear what we expect to hear and NOT what is being said.

Implicit communication, which is open to interpretation due to receiving erroneous or inconsistent pieces of information.

Implicit communication, which is prone to being biased towards hearing a message in accordance with one's menta! picture of a situation.

Laissez-faire cockpit

Synergistic cockpit

Off-centred cockpit

Autocratic cockpit