Which of the following represents the total amount of exchangeable air?

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called the:

During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is 500 ml; his average resting respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute; his total lung capacity is 6000 ml; and his anatomic dead space is 150 ml. Joe's resting alveolar ventilation is:

Which of the following would decrease lung compliance?

In the Week 4 Renal ‘Murder Mystery’, Professor Craig Harrison died of cerebral (osmotic) oedema (brain swelling) associated with hyponatremia (caused by a combination of SIADH, his diuretic being swapped for desmopressin and ecstasy, and drinking too much water). 

Explain:

1. Why is SIADH associated with hyponatremia?
2. Draw (and label) a diagram that illustrates why hyponatremia leads to brain swelling and upload it below as a pdf (hint – please show the body fluid compartment, intracellular and extracellular fluids). 
3. What could you have given Craig (intravenously) to save his life? Explain your choice.

[maximum 250 words]

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS: conditions associated with altered renal regulation of total body water and sodium

The table below shows values for arterial blood pressure and urine osmolarity from four adults (Subjects A, B C and D). Based on these values, indicate which adult has: Aldosteronism, SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion), Addison’s disease or Central diabetes insipidus. 

For full marks, you must EXPLAIN how you used the provided data to make your decisions, including descriptions of the roles of ADH and Aldosterone in regulating total body water, sodium and mean arterial pressure and whether the values are ‘abnormal’. 

[maximum 300 words]