which cause of death is more common: being attacked by a wild animal, or heart disease.

which event is more likely: that ‘100 people are killed in a bus accident’ or that ‘100 people are killed in a bus accident in KwaZulu-Natal’.

which mathematical product is greater: 12×3×4×5×6 or 6×5×4×3×2×1.

which city has a larger population: Johannesburg or Durban.

linguistic intelligence.

bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence.

intrapersonal intelligence.

spatial intelligence.

Employers can use any test of mental ability with prospective employees as long as the test has been shown to be reliable.

It is illegal to use mental ability tests to evaluate prospective employees.

Only tests designed to measure social or practical intelligence are permissible.

There is controversy over the use of IQ tests in hiring employees.

few cases are near the middle of the distribution.

most cases are near the edge of the distribution.

cases are equally frequent across the entire distribution.

most cases are near the middle of the distribution.

100

400

200

50

avoid rigorous thinking unless forced to because of the required effort

often fail to make rational decisions because of peer pressure or social norms to the contrary

rarely realise they are acting irrationally in the moment

make choices using simple strategies that ignore many facets of the available options

Psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.

Psychology is empirical.

Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

Psychology is theoretically diverse.

continue to bite their nails because the negative side effects aren’t contingent on the behaviour.

stop biting their nails as a result of conditioned taste aversion.

continue to bite their nails because the habit outweighs the punishment.

stop using the nail polish because the side effect serves as punishment.

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

self-medication

classical conditioning