In the text there is the English expression for "à huis clos". What is it? (three words)

Concerns are mounting among sports fans that major competitions will be cancelled or be 

One supporters' official says without a vaccine, stadiums may not open.

The tournament in June is due to be hosted across the continent - culminating in

In 2016, an estimated 100,000 Welsh fans were in France to witness Wales' march to the final stages of the tournament.

"UEFA still say they are quite hopeful that fans will be allowed back into stadia and it will still be held in 12 host cities," said Paul Corkery, from the Football Supporters Association Cymru.

"

Uncertainty is the theme - and Mr Corkery wants the governments to deliver a "clear pathway" back for fans to

"A lot of UEFA countries have allowed supporters back in their stadiums successfully and there hasn't been a

UEFA has allowed stadiums to reopen to fans in countries where current Covid laws allow - with no

It followed a pilot game, when 15,000 fans watched Bayern Munich beat Sevilla in Budapest to lift the 2020 UEFA Super Cup.

But Mr Corkery said that is not the position here, with a bid to host a trial at Cardiff City's stadium for 2,000 fans rejected by the

"With no plans in place for fans to return to matches here, I think the Euros could end up being held behind closed doors which will be devastating for fans," added Mr Corkery, who is from Merthyr Tydfil -

"We are warning supporters 'don't book anything at all'.

"A lot of people already have their tickets because they decided to transfer them to

"We are saying 'hold off to booking flights and hotels in the current climate'."

But it is not just about football.

The 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games has also been postponed until next year, between 3 July and 8 August, while the Paralympics will take place from 24 August until 5 September.

Organisers are not expected to make a decision on whether spectators will be allowed to attend until 2021.

Then there is the Lions tour of South Africa.

The last tournament saw about 25,000 rugby fans head to New Zealand in 2017 - with British and Irish fans outnumbering home supporters in the final test at Eden Park.

Anne and Mike Davies, from Tumble, in Carmarthenshire want to be among the travelling fans in 2021.

"Back in July we had no doubts about the Lions tour but now, four months down the road, we think perhaps it is looking a bit dubious," said the Scarlets season ticket holders.

"It's not ideal waiting because this is a trip of a lifetime for us, but we have to accept the situation, this is something we're all going through."

Mr Davies added: "Realistically we were hoping that by this time of year fans would be allowed back to stadiums, but even a trip to Llanelli and Parc Y Scarlets isn't on the cards yet.

"So you can't help but feel apprehensive about the way forward."

The couple have booked their trip with Llanelli travel agents Vaughan Voyage, run by Daniel Vaughan.

He said the pandemic has already seen him cancel two European rugby trips for Scarlets fans, and the Wales tour of New Zealand.

"There was a lot of interest in fans booking for South Africa early on but there was a big

"This year was going to be a quieter one for us following a busy year with the Rugby World Cup in 2019.

"It has been difficult, but we are staying positive and hope the lockdowns will make a difference to the rate of Covid infection."

On the return of supporters to sport in Wales - the Welsh Government said public health "takes precedence".

"We do understand this is a very difficult time for the sector and we will continue to work in partnership towards a safe reopening, when the time is right," said an official.

Give a title to the article:

---

As the streets of the hosting city begin to empty of fans and the world's

media as the Olympic Games draw to a close, it will not be until 2 or 3 weeks

later that the world's best disabled athletes — many of whom have overcome

medical difficulties and shocking family tragedies to represent their country —

will gather in the same stadiums to compete in the Paralympics. Once there, the

competitors will receive far less exposure and recognition than their

able-bodied counterparts.

If we look back at the

Rio Games, many qualifying Paralympic athletes even missed the 11-day event, as

organisers have failed to hand over promised travel grants to competitors from

over 50 countries (source : Bloomberg). $8 million (£6 million) of the

money reserved for the Paralympics were reportedly used to pay for last-minute

construction crises at the Olympic village and the diving pool (source : The

Guardian reports).

Some leading

Paralympians, including six-time gold medalist David Weir, have previously

suggested combining disabled and non-disabled events in athletics competitions

to increase the exposure of disabled athletes.

The President of the

International Paralympic Committee, Sir Philip Craven, has also entertained the

idea of merging the events. "It's really a logistical problem at the

moment but I'm not dead against the idea, in principle, of [the Olympics and

the Paralympics] coming together at some time,'" he told the BBC. 

Ryan Raghoo, the

British long jump record holder for his T36 disability category, told Business

Insider that combining the two events could be an opportunity to give disabled

athletes the same status, media exposure, and sponsorship opportunities as

Olympic athletes. "I've got Paralympian friends who are world record

holders and gold medalists across events and they're not household names,"

Raghoo said. "The same value is not given to the same achievement."

"It's two

different things: the International Olympic Committee [IOC] represents

able-bodied athletes, while the International Paralympic Committee [IPC]

represents Paralympic athletes," Craig Spence, director of communications

at the IPC, told Business Insider. "That’s the simple fact." Spence

pointed out that the modern Olympic movement was founded in 1894, while the

first Paralympics did not take place until the summer of 1960. Disability sport

was widely introduced after World War II, as a means to encourage exercise

among those injured in the conflict.

"We have signed a

Memorandum of Understanding with the IOC, which is basically to extend our

co-operation to 2032, so nothing will change between now and then," he

said. This agreement between the Olympics and Paralympics allows the events to

run concurrently, and promises that the two bodies work together to promote the

"Paralympic brand." According to the document, they do this by

"deepening existing cooperation," and guaranteeing the

"financial stability and long-term viability of the IPC." It makes no

mention of a possible merger.

However, the Olympics

and the Paralympics aren't only separate because of tradition. There are also

more practical reasons, according to Spence. "If we combine the two, then

we would have 15,000 athletes," he said. "We would need a far bigger

athlete village. Logistically, the event would take probably five weeks to

complete and it just doesn't logistically make sense to bring the two

together."

One argument against

merging the two events, put forward by former British wheelchair racer Baroness

Tanni Grey-Thompson, is that much of the Paralympics would "disappear off

the face of the earth" because only very few disability events would be

incorporated.

British Paralympian

Hannah Cockroft has also said that she is against combining the two events.

"I don't want the Olympics and Paralympics to merge because I am proud of

what we have made of that name," she told the BBC. The athlete said she

worries that losing the separate Paralympics brand would leave disabled

athletes overshadowed by other Olympic stars.

Paralympians do not

necessarily need to be boosted by merging the Paralympics with the Olympics.

Disability sport could simply be given more funding, more exposure, and

respect, with increased media coverage.

Despite the success of

the London Paralympics, mainstream media interest in disability sport has waned

since 2012. The Diamond League — a 14-leg series of athletics events — gets

regular coverage on networks like the BBC, but disability sport outside of the

Paralympics is hardly covered. During the IPC Athletics European Championships,

there were "people becoming European champions and their family back home

could not even watch them on television," Raghoo said.

The most recent data

on the issue from a 2011 survey by disability charity Scope shows that 65% of

disabled people are in favour of scrapping the Paralympics and instead allowing

disabled athletes to compete in the Olympics. 42% of disabled people said they

disagreed that the Paralympics positively impact the public's perception of

disabled people, while one in five said that the Paralympics makes disabled

people appear to be "second class."

"Whatever

happens," Rhagoo said, "the athletes have to be at the very centre of

whatever decision is made."

---

Adapted for educational

purposes by FSSEP - UDL

Read the original article on Business Insider UK.

One argument against

merging the two events, put forward by former British wheelchair racer Baroness

Tanni Grey-Thompson, is that much of the Paralympics would "disappear off

the face of the earth" because only very few disability events would be

incorporated.

British Paralympian

Hannah Cockroft has also said that she is against combining the two events.

"I don't want the Olympics and Paralympics to merge because I am proud of

what we have made of that name," she told the BBC. The athlete said she

worries that losing the separate Paralympics brand would leave disabled

athletes overshadowed by other Olympic stars.

Paralympians do not

necessarily need to be boosted by merging the Paralympics with the Olympics.

Disability sport could simply be given more funding, more exposure, and

respect, with increased media coverage.

Despite the success of

the London Paralympics, mainstream media interest in disability sport has waned

since 2012. The Diamond League — a 14-leg series of athletics events — gets

regular coverage on networks like the BBC, but disability sport outside of the

Paralympics is hardly covered. During the IPC Athletics European Championships,

there were "people becoming European champions and their family back home

could not even watch them on television," Raghoo said.

The most recent data

on the issue from a 2011 survey by disability charity Scope shows that 65% of

disabled people are in favour of scrapping the Paralympics and instead allowing

disabled athletes to compete in the Olympics. 42% of disabled people said they

disagreed that the Paralympics positively impact the public's perception of

disabled people, while one in five said that the Paralympics makes disabled

people appear to be "second class."

"Whatever

happens," Rhagoo said, "the athletes have to be at the very centre of

whatever decision is made."

---

What is Tanni Grey-Thompson's concern if the Games merge?

What is Hannah Cockroft's concern?

What could boost Paralympians?

Since London...

Which is FALSE?

Give a title to this paragraph:

"It's two

different things: the International Olympic Committee [IOC] represents

able-bodied athletes, while the International Paralympic Committee [IPC]

represents Paralympic athletes," Craig Spence, director of communications

at the IPC, told Business Insider. "That’s the simple fact." Spence

pointed out that the modern Olympic movement was founded in 1894, while the

first Paralympics did not take place until the summer of 1960. Disability sport

was widely introduced after World War II, as a means to encourage exercise

among those injured in the conflict.

"We have signed a

Memorandum of Understanding with the IOC, which is basically to extend our

co-operation to 2032, so nothing will change between now and then," he

said. This agreement between the Olympics and Paralympics allows the events to

run concurrently, and promises that the two bodies work together to promote the

"Paralympic brand." According to the document, they do this by

"deepening existing cooperation," and guaranteeing the

"financial stability and long-term viability of the IPC." It makes no

mention of a possible merger.

However, the Olympics

and the Paralympics aren't only separate because of tradition. There are also

more practical reasons, according to Spence. "If we combine the two, then

we would have 15,000 athletes," he said. "We would need a far bigger

athlete village. Logistically, the event would take probably five weeks to

complete and it just doesn't logistically make sense to bring the two

together."

---

TRUE or FALSE?

The IPC is a branch of the IOC.

The Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games were organized in the same location for the first time in Rome.

Para-sport started as part of a rehabilitation program for veterans.

The IOC supports the IPC.

The Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games will merge in 2032.

Bringing together the Olympics & the Paralympics would be a logistical and practical nightmare.

Give a title to this paragraph:

As the streets of the hosting city begin to empty of fans and the world's

media as the Olympic Games draw to a close, it will not be until 2 or 3 weeks

later that the world's best disabled athletes — many of whom have overcome

medical difficulties and shocking family tragedies to represent their country —

will gather in the same stadiums to compete in the Paralympics. Once there, the

competitors will receive far less exposure and recognition than their

able-bodied counterparts.

If we look back at the

Rio Games, many qualifying Paralympic athletes even missed the 11-day event, as

organisers have failed to hand over promised travel grants to competitors from

over 50 countries (source : Bloomberg). $8 million (£6 million) of the

money reserved for the Paralympics were reportedly used to pay for last-minute

construction crises at the Olympic village and the diving pool (source : The

Guardian reports).

Some leading

Paralympians, including six-time gold medalist David Weir, have previously

suggested combining disabled and non-disabled events in athletics competitions

to increase the exposure of disabled athletes.

The President of the

International Paralympic Committee, Sir Philip Craven, has also entertained the

idea of merging the events. "It's really a logistical problem at the

moment but I'm not dead against the idea, in principle, of [the Olympics and

the Paralympics] coming together at some time,'" he told the BBC. 

Ryan Raghoo, the

British long jump record holder for his T36 disability category, told Business

Insider that combining the two events could be an opportunity to give disabled

athletes the same status, media exposure, and sponsorship opportunities as

Olympic athletes. "I've got Paralympian friends who are world record

holders and gold medalists across events and they're not household names,"

Raghoo said. "The same value is not given to the same achievement."

---

The Paralympics take place

Olympians and Paralympians :

Which is FALSE?

In what sport has it been suggested to let all athletes compete in the same event (each in their own class, of course!)?

Explain: "They are not household names":

VOCABULARY:

organizing an event = an event

an athlete with a handicap or impairment is a athlete

come/put/bring together =

an athlete with no impairment or disability is an athlete

making one from two or more elements =

a success / an accomplishment = an

Give a title to this paragraph:

Gladiatorial

culture of school rugby is too violent for small children, warns surgeon

Last year Michael Carter, a paediatric

neurosurgeon at Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, said that smaller children

should not be forced to play rugby with bigger boys. In British schools where

rugby is taught, boys as young as 10 are expected to engage in some kind of

contact competition. But Mr Carter said children often had vastly different

physical statures and it was unfair to match smaller children against their

bigger classmates.

He has called for creative match scheduling as

well as preseason and early season strength and conditioning training. In

addition, weight as well as age should be considered during squad selection.

---

What does Doctor Michael Carter think of school rugby?

Choose a title for the article:

However critics said school injury statistics

were not clear cut as teachers were generally more cautious and children were

often kept on the bench even if they had slight injuries such as a muscle tear.

Brian Moore, the English former rugby union

hooker, said that unless the injuries were compared against other sports they

were meaningless. “Without a ranking of risk per sport parents have no way of

knowing whether rugby is any more dangerous than any other sport and cannot

make a reasoned choice. To try and prevent sport being promoted on the basis of

such flawed methodology is not only poor it is wrong. “There is no mention of

the significant benefits of kids playing sport, rugby or otherwise, in terms of

better health, increased alertness in class and thus better education. “There

is no mention of the significant lessons for life that playing a team sport

brings – camaraderie; anti-social behavior modification; learning to win/lose/

teamwork/ leadership and so on.”

Studies have found most rugby injuries occur

during the tackle but that scrums are the most dangerous phase of play. Recent

rule changes, such as the introduction of non-contested scrums, may have

reduced the number of permanently disabling spinal injuries, but their

effectiveness has yet to be properly evaluated, the researchers say. Yet,

insufficient attention has been paid to the tackle as the major cause of injury

in this collision sport.

---

Brian Moore proposes to...

Some rugby rules have changed, which has reduced the number of

injuries during...

Give a title to the second paragraph (“However critics … collision

sport”)

Public health professor

Allyson Pollock says school rugby is dangerous, but ex-England hooker Brian

Moore argues the benefits outweigh the risks

Thousands more children could be seriously

injured playing rugby because of the Government's ‘worrying’ plans to promote

the sport in schools, a public health expert has claimed. Professor Allyson

Pollock, of Queen Mary University of London, said that youngsters were

regularly harmed playing the sport but warned that levels of injury were not

being properly monitored.

The government has pledged to increase the

prominence of competitive sports and is encouraging schools to link up with

local rugby clubs.

However Professor Pollock said figures showed that

one in eight children suffers an injury serious enough to be kept of the pitch

for seven days in a season. She called for injury surveillance and prevention programs

to be established without schools. “Given that children are more susceptible to

injuries such as concussion and often take longer to fully recover, the

government’s plan is worrying,” said Prof Pollock, writing in the British

Medical Journal. “Not enough is being done by the government to put in place

injury monitoring and prevention strategies. “Only by collecting injury data

and by providing feedback to individuals and organizations working on safety

initiatives will the short and long term impact of injury prevention programs,

whether for rugby or any other sport, be known.”

---

About Allyson Polloclk’s and Brian Moore’s points of view...

The Government wants to...

How many chidren have to stop playing rugby for a week during the

season, because of an injury?

According to Alysson Pollock, what should the government do ?

 https://moodle.univ-lille.fr/pluginfile.php/1323977/question/questiontext/4898464/5/2003876/TOOS%2004%20Rugger%20Soccer.mp4?time=1609833175191 

Where does the word « Rugby » come from ?

Why did Rugby Footbal & Association Football cange their

names to Rugger & Soccer ?