translation, DNA polymerase

translation, RNA polymerase

transcription, DNA polymerase

transcription, RNA polymerase

5′-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3′

5′-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3′

3′-AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA-5′

3′-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5′

Annealing  >  Denaturation  >  Elongation

Annealing  >  Elongation  >  Denaturation

Denaturation  >  Annealing  >  Elongation

Denaturation  >  Elongation  >  Annealing

Elongation  >  Denaturation  >  Annealing

To determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA fragment

To separate DNA fragments on the basis of their charge

To separate DNA fragments on the basis of their size

To determine if a DNA sequence contains a single nucleotide polymorphism

To amplify several DNA fragments at once

A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA

Before amplification, DNA fragments are likely to bind to RNA and would no longer be able to be analysed

To remove the negative charge on the DNA, to enable them to be analysed

To make seeing the nucleotide sequence easier

To remove any mutations in the genes

It allows you to determine sizes of unknown DNA fragments using comparison techniques

To ensure all wells in the gel are full so that you can run it

To practice loading the DNA into the well before you load your PCR product

So you know how long the gel needs to run for

To determine whether the pores in your gel are big enough to let all DNA sizes through

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RNA polymerase

Forward and reverse primers

DNA nucleotides (dNTPS)

Buffer

DNA template

Using the enzyme ligase

Using the enzyme helicase

Using the energy stored in ATP

By hydrolysis

By bonding of an RNA primer to each DNA strand

It is heat stable and can withstand the denaturation step of PCR

Only tiny amounts are needed for each cycle of PCR

It binds more readily than other polymerases to the primers

It has regions that are complementary to the primers

It can separate DNA strands before elongating them