3′-UUC-5′

3′-CCG-5′

3′-UCU-5′

3′-CCC-5′

3′-AGA-5′

5′-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3′

5′-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3′

3′-AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA-5′

3′-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5′

DNA from a single gene is replicated and transferred to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis

Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place

Histone proteins in the chromosomes transfer information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place

Transfer RNA takes information from DNA directly to a ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place

bind RNA polymerase

bind mediator proteins

bind activator proteins

bind DNA bending proteins

post-transcriptional splicing

transcription and translation occur simultaneously

translation in the absence of a ribosome

gene splicing

It causes the bond between the polypeptide chain and tRNA in the ribosome P-site to break

It joins a tRNA to a specific amino acid based on the tRNA's anticodon

It causes the release of the large ribosomal subunit from the small ribosomal subunit

It causes the release of the empty tRNA from the E site of the ribosome

3′-UUC-5′

3′-CCG-5′

3′-UCU-5′

3′-CCC-5′

3′-AGA-5′

ribosomes and tRNA

anticodons

several transcription factors

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Exon splicing

Addition of a poly-A tail (polyadenylation)

Capping of the 5' end

Binding of transcription factors

Inducer

Promoter

Activator

Co-repressor