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YEAR-1 Course management

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A pregnant woman is able to transfer oxygen to her fetus because fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.

What is the single most likely reason of the higher affinity of fetal hemoglobin to oxygen?

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A 70 year old man presents to his physician with dyspnea and expiratory wheezes. He is a smoker for 30 years; he smokes 30 cigarettes per day. His pulmonary function tests report shows FEV1/FVC 0.47 with FEV1 of 40% that increased by 1% only after bronchodilator intake.

What  is the single  most likely ventilatory impairment of this diagnosis?

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A 58 year old smoker man presents to outpatient clinic with progressive dyspnea and productive cough for five months. Chest examination shows barrel shape deformity. Spirometry confirms diagnosis of COPD. Chest X ray is done.

What is the single most likely finding seen on chest X ray of this patient?

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A 30 year old woman is admitted to emergency department with an acute onset of dyspnea. She is hypoxemic with So2 of 85%, CT pulmonary angiography shows a filling defect in the right main pulmonary artery.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

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A 50 year old woman is brought to the Emergency Department with severe bleeding. Her blood pressure is 70/45 mmHg. The physician orders immediate blood transfusion and explains to the resident doctor that her stroke volume is probably markedly decreased.

What is the single most likely explanation of this decrease in stroke volume?

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A 70 year old man is brought to the Emergency Department with repeated attacks of dizziness . The physician asks for ECG. What is the single most likely diagnosis?

 

ECG

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An athlete has just finished a marathon run.

What is the single most likely expected effect on his cerebral and skeletal muscle arterioles?

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An 18-months infant is diagnosed with a clinically significant atrial septal defect (ASD). 

Which structure’s  incomplete closure leads to ASD?  

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A student is studying the changes in the ventricular pressure during the rapid and reduced filling phases of the cardiac cycle.

What are the most likely pressure changes observed ?

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A 30 year old man is breathing quietly while watching a TV show.

What is the single most likely drive of rate and depth of his breathing?

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