During a routine preventive examination, a

65-year-old patient is found to have an asymmetrically enlarged liver. The

patient himself admits that he drinks alcohol regularly and is therefore

referred for an ultrasound examination of the liver. The examination reveals a

prominent mass in the right lobe of the liver and a biopsy shows hepatocellular

carcinoma. After further investigations, the patient undergoes surgery during

which the tumour is removed. To confirm that the entire tumour has been

removed, including a sufficient margin of surrounding healthy liver tissue, the

resection is sent to pathology. What epithelium makes up the rim of healthy

liver tissue?

Arrhythmia, i. e. irregularity of the heart rhythm, can be caused, for

example, by a high or low level of certain ions. Heart muscle cells

(cardiomyocytes) can exchange these ions with each other to maintain

homeostasis. Cardiomyocytes are connected by intercalated discs. What type of

intercellular junction is part of the intercalated discs and used for ion

exchange?

The teacher wants to

demonstrate a typical serous gland to the students in practical exercises

focused on the glandular epithelium. However, he does not have much time to

think about it, because he has more tasks to complete. Which slide should he

choose to show the students typical serous acini?

The teacher wants to

demonstrate a typical serous gland to the students in practical exercises

focused on the glandular epithelium. However, he does not have much time to

think about it, because he has more tasks to complete. Which slide should he

choose to show the students typical serous acini?

A 19-year-old student

comes to the eye clinic with a very common problem today. He suffers from

cutting and burning eyes, the feeling of a foreign body in the eye, pressure,

and the feeling of tired eyes. The eyes are red. He is diagnosed with dry eye

syndrome. This can have many causes, and one of them is low tear production,

for example, as a result of taking certain medications. Tears are produced by

the lacrimal gland. The lacrimal gland is an exocrine gland. Its cells have a

basophilic cytoplasm and a round nucleus located in the basal third of the

cell. The basal part of the cells shows significant basophilia due to the

accumulation of polyribosomes and granular endoplasmic reticulum for the

production of proteins that are part of the produced secretion. The cells

contain zymogen granules, which are mostly released in a merocrine manner. What

type of gland is a lacrimal gland?

A 54-year-old man underwent gastroscopy

(endoscopy of the upper digestive tract) for non-specific digestive disorders.

The oesophagus and stomach appear macroscopically fine, but changes are only

visible in the duodenum, where several samples are therefore taken for

histological examination. The final diagnosis is peptic duodenitis,

inflammation of the duodenum, which is a precursor to the development of the

ulcer. This inflammation is usually caused by the

An 18-year-old female patient

is coming to the emergency office of the Department of Ophthalmology. She is

suffering from significant swelling of the upper eyelid. The eyelid is markedly

swollen, stiff and reddened in one spot. The eyelid is painful and causes

significant tearing of the entire eye. After examination of the eyelid, the

doctor concludes that it is a chalazion (eyelid cyst or Meibomian cyst). It is

an inflammation of the Meibomian gland of the eyelid, which can be seen in the

picture. What type of gland is it with regard to the mechanism of secretion?

An 18-year-old female patient

is coming to the emergency office of the Department of Ophthalmology. She is

suffering from significant swelling of the upper eyelid. The eyelid is markedly

swollen, stiff and reddened in one spot. The eyelid is painful and causes

significant tearing of the entire eye. After examination of the eyelid, the

doctor concludes that it is a chalazion (eyelid cyst or Meibomian cyst). It is

an inflammation of the Meibomian gland of the eyelid, which can be seen in the

picture. What type of gland is it with regard to the mechanism of secretion?

The student is asked about the difference

between the basement membrane and the basal lamina during the histology exam.

Until now, he thought that the two terms were identical. Could you advise him

what the difference is between these two structures?

A 30-year-old patient underwent a biopsy of the

submandibular salivary gland in the ENT department due to significant swelling

of unclear origin. This eventually proves to be histologically normal. What is

this sample most likely to look like?