Fe²⁺

Ca ²⁺

Na⁺

K⁺

damage to membranes and enzymes

imbalance of ions and water

increased coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria

regeneration, hypertrophy, hyperplasia

hypobaric exogenous hypoxia

respiratory hypoxia

tissue hypoxia

circulatory hypoxia

arterial hypoxemia

arterial hypocapnia

venous hypoxemia

respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Tachypnea

Kussmaul respiration 

Gasping

Periodic respiration 

chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs.

impaired function of the endocrine glands.

defect of the exocrine glands.

abnormal immune response in the lungs and other organs.

The involved lung is compressed.

Air is absorbed from the alveoli distal to the obstruction.

Decreased surfactant production impairs lung expansion.

Air continues to be inspired but is trapped distal to the obstruction.

Mural thrombus from the left ventricle

A blood clot in the pulmonary vein

Thrombus attached to atheromas in the aorta or iliac arteries

Thrombus forming in the femoral veins