What are the stages of cellular respiration, and what is the order in which they take place?

In aerobic cellular respiration, glucose is oxidised and oxygen is reduced. What are the products of these reactions when glucose is completely oxidised?

Why do complexes I, II, and IV of the electron transport chain pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What characteristics would you expect to find in the respiratory exchange surface of an aquatic water-breathing animal with a high metabolic rate and therefore a high demand for oxygen?

Recent research has made significant progress in the field of mitochondrial donation, also since the Nature article. Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells can transfer mitochondria to injured cells, potentially offering a new therapeutic approach for mitochondrial diseases (Gomzikova 2021). However, concerns about the safety of these technologies have been raised, particularly regarding the possibility of mtDNA carryover (Komesaroff 2022). Despite these concerns, mitochondrial donation has been approved in the UK and is being considered in Australia (Craven 2020, Nicol 2020). New techniques, such as genome editing tools, are being developed to increase the efficacy of mitochondrial donation (Herbert 2023). Furthermore, the potential of mitochondrial transplantation for organ rescue has been explored (McCully 2022).

Mitochondrial donation has been proposed as a solution to allow carriers of mtDNA mutations to have disease-free children.  Legislation in the UK and Australia has paved the way for research on mitochondrial donation technologies, but concerns about safety persist. 

True or False?

Which statement accurately reflects the findings of Kang et al.'s study?

What is the significance of the study conducted by Kang et al. mentioned in the article?

What are some current or potential strategies to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial DNA mutations to offspring mentioned in the article?

Which technique involves transferring nuclear DNA from an egg containing mutated mtDNA into a donor egg lacking a nucleus?

Which statement accurately describes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its role in genetic diseases?