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trespass to land is any unjustifiable intrusion by one person onto land in the possession of another.  The slightest crossing of the boundary is sufficient.  Courts have held 

  that if a person unlawfully 
  places even a part of their foot on another’s land, it is in law as much a trespass as if they had walked half a mile on it.  To support an action in trespass, it is not necessary that there was any actual damage; the fact that a trespass was slight is no defence.  If a trespass occurred, it is actionable in and of itself, without having to prove that the possessor of the land was actually damaged by the trespass.  The reason for this principle is that acts of direct interference with another’s property are likely to lead to breaches of the peace and therefore must be discouraged. When a trespass is merely threatened, a land owner can apply to a court for an injunction to prevent the trespass.  A repeat trespasser may likewise be restrained by injunction.

Nuisance differs from trespass in that in nuisance, damage must be proved.  “Nuisance” describes a type of harm that is suffered 

  , rather than a kind of conduct that is forbidden 
 .  In general, it is defined as an unreasonable interference with the use and enjoyment of land, or with the use of a public right-of-way.  It does not matter whether the intrusion resulted from intentional, negligent, or non-faulty conduct, as long as the harm can be categorized as a nuisance.  The basic principle comes from a Latin maxim which translates into “use your own property so as not to injure that of your neighbours”.  Nuisance law now covers a wide range of objectionable activities, such as noise, vibrations, noxious odours, and air and water pollution.  It also regulates obstruction of streets, dangerous structures, and interference with certain water rights.

The harm in nuisance is usually caused indirectly.  This is as opposed to trespass, which arises from the direct, physical invasion by the defendant or some object.  In nuisance, once the person whose enjoyment of land was interfered with establishes that the unreasonable interference occurred, the onus shifts to the defendant to establish that the use of the land was reasonable.  If the defendant cannot show 

   that the use of the land was reasonable, then that party is liable to the plaintiff.

1. There is no need to prove that harm was caused when the trespasser crossed the boundary of land in the possession of another. 

2. An injunction is always used in cases of threatened trespass. 

3. The main difference between trespass to land and nuisance consists in that damage arising from intentional conduct must be proved. 

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