a nonsense mutation

a missense mutation

a silent mutation

a frameshift mutation

a deletion mutation

Deletion

Insertion

Inversion

Translocation

Duplication

Base Substitution

Base Deletion

Frameshift

Insertion

Translocation

Autosomal dominant

Autosomal recessive

X-linked dominant

X-linked recessive

None of the listed answers are correct

a nonsense mutation

a missense mutation

a silent mutation

a frameshift mutation

a deletion mutation

Heterozygous carrier.

Heterozygous normal.

Homozygous affected.

Homozygous normal.

Heterozygous affected.

3:1

5:1

4:1

1:1

2:1

Karyotyping requires molecular techniques to visualize any abnormalities.

Karyotyping is ineffective for identifying any type of chromosomal abnormality.

Karyotyping allows for the identification of large structural changes, as well as abnormal chromosome numbers.

Karyotyping can only detect small chromosomal abnormalities, such as point mutations.

HeLa cells were isolated from a healthy patient, making them highly stable.

HeLa cells lack telomeres, which allows them to divide continuously without limit.

HeLa cells are slow-growing, which makes them more stable in culture.

HeLa cells have short telomeres, allowing them to replicate indefinitely.

It leads to random changes in allele frequencies over time, irrespective of population size.

It describes a population in which allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

It applies only to small populations where genetic drift is the primary evolutionary force.

It predicts that mutation rates will always increase allele frequencies in a population.

It is a model that only considers the effects of natural selection on allele frequencies.