2:1

4:1

1:1

5:1

3:1

The chromosomes are most visible and easiest to analyse during metaphase due to their condensed structure.

Chromosomes are stained and analyzed during anaphase when they are actively separating.

Karyotyping can only be done after telophase when the cell has completed division.

The karyotype is prepared during interphase when the cell is not dividing.

They are easy to maintain in culture and replicate rapidly.

They naturally resist all forms of cellular staining.

They have limited replication capacity due to telomere shortening.

They were derived from a muscle cell, making them highly resilient.

They contain fewer chromosomes than normal human cells.

The population must be small, with high rates of mutation and migration.

There must be no mutation, no migration, random mating, a large population size, and no natural selection.

Individuals in the population must selectively mate based on favorable traits.

Natural selection must favor heterozygous individuals over homozygous individuals.

New alleles must be introduced regularly to maintain equilibrium.

0.9

0.5

0.8

1

0.3

It refers to the random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.

It describes the situation where individuals choose mates based on specific traits or characteristics.

It is the process by which unrelated species evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures.

It is the movement of individuals between populations, leading to a change in allele frequencies.

It occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to a loss of genetic variation from the original population.

Multiple genes control a single trait

A gene only affects one specific trait

Different alleles of a gene cause distinct phenotypes

A single gene affects multiple traits

A gene is influenced by environmental factors

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

All offspring will have pink wings and a long tail.

A quarter of the offspring will have pink wings and a long tail.

None of the offspring will have pink wings and a long tail.

Three-quarters of the offspring will have pink wings and a long tail.

Half of the offspring will have pink wings and a long tail.

8

2

4

6

10