Stroma

Thylakoid membrane

Cytosol

Mitochondrial matrix

Thylakoid space

Complex IV

Complex III

Complex V

Complex I

Complex II

4

2

3

1

Mitochondrial matrix

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Nucleus

Cytosol

Mitochondrial intermembrane space

Both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are greater outside the cell.

Sodium and potassium ion concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell.

Sodium ion concentration is greater inside the cell, while potassium ion concentration is greater outside the cell.

Both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are greater inside the cell.

Sodium ion concentration is greater outside the cell, while potassium ion concentration is greater inside the cell.

Glucose is hydrophobic and repelled by the membrane.

Glucose requires ATP to cross the membrane.

Glucose is actively transported by ion channels.

Glucose is nonpolar and can easily diffuse through the membrane.

Glucose is too large and polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer without assistance.

It allows calcium ions to diffuse freely across the membrane.

It blocks the entry of calcium ions into the cell.

It allows calcium ions to enter the cell in response to a specific ligand binding.

It transports calcium ions against their concentration gradient.

It pumps calcium ions out of the cell using ATP.

Quaternary protein structure

Anti-parallel beta sheet

Alpha helix

Tertiary protein structure

Helical DNA structure

Nucleotide

Fatty acid

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Amino acid