closing digestive and urinary sphincters

vasodilation

pumping blood from veins to arteries

constriction of pupils

pushing food along the digestive tract by peristalsis

vasoconstriction

dilation of airways

opening of digestive tract during swallow reflex

breathing

Some cells, such as skeletal muscle and adipose cells, are insulin-dependent meaning they require insulin to absorb glucose.

Insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that act synergistically to control our blood glucose levels.

The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the abdominal cavity and releases insulin and glucagon directly into the digestive tract.

After a meal, our blood glucose increases, and in response to this, our pancreas releases glucagon.

These hormones typically interact with receptors on the surface of a target cell and so are first messengers.

These hormones not only include peptide-based hormones, but steroid-based hormones as well.

As first messengers, these hormones cause a signaling cascade that ultimately activates a second messenger.

G-proteins are important players in the signaling of these hormones.

Your thyroid gland releases calcitonin in response to high levels of blood calcium.

Your adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Your pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to a releasing hormone (RH) released by the hypothalamus

Neurons in your hypothalamus send signals to your adrenal medulla, which release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

None of the above