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Discovering the double-helix structure of DNA

Determining the 3D structure of the nuclear pore complex

Protein structural prediction and computational protein design

Determining the 3D structure of the ribosome

Lipid structure prediction

The number of parameters is unimportant

150 billion to 1 trillion parameters

1 million parameters

10 000 parameters

500 trillion parameters

Never before, the average annual air temperature in France was so high.

The global mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has never been so high since measurements have started in the late 1950s.

Never before have so many people lived on our planet.

The global mean air temperature has never been so high since measurements have started in the 1850s.

Never before have anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 due to our use of fossil fuels been so high.

No, tropical regions warmed more compared to higher latitudes

No, land masses warmed more compared to oceans

Yes, the planet roughly warmed everywhere at same rate

No, the Artic warmed more compared to mid-altitudes

No, oceans warmed more compared to land masses

An irreversible disturbance in the air temperature of an region.

A deviation in temperature (e.g. from an expected reference value).

A measurement error of the thermometer (e.g. due to malfunctions of measuring devices).

A long-term temperature trend (e.g. gradual warming over time).

A more frequent occurrence of extreme thermal events (e.g. heatwaves).

Landslides and earth movements, releasing previously frozen soil carbon into rivers and into the atmosphere.

Soils in lowlands will release methane, another, much more potent greenhouse gas.

This process leads to further CO2 being released into the atmosphere due to microbial decomposition of previously frozen soil carbon.

The consequence is that climate change is likely to progress faster and accelerated.

Thawed soils will take up carbon dioxide, form organic layers, lowering global warming.

They have been captured by industrial processes (i.e. carbon capture)

They were accumulated in the atmosphere

They were absorbed by the terrestrial biosphere

They have been transformed into sedimentary rock

They were absorbed by the world's oceans

Photosynthesis

Oxidation of CO2 by microbes

Respiration

Solution of carbon-dioxide in ocean water

Formation of soils