The EU Council approves by a qualified majority after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament given by the majority of the component members.

The EU Council approves by a qualified majority after obtaining the consent of the European Commission given unanimously.

The EU Council must approve unanimously after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament given by the majority of the component members.

a large part of EU budget will be used on development aid because many of the lower-income countries did not contributed to emissions that lead to climate change but are affected by the negative impacts of climate change already.

the climate transition will be accompanied by transfers to regions currently heavily dependent on fossil fuels and to lower-income households to increase the access to green technologies.

a large part of the EU budget shall be redirected to climate policies.

a decrease of CO2 emissions by 55% till 2030 and climate neutrality in 2050.

acceleration of projects of the new nuclear powerplants to secure more energy from non-fossil fuels.

departure from fossil fuels as early as in 2025 and climate neutrality soon after 2030, in line with CO2 pathways consistent with the 1.5°C rise of the temperature by the end of the century

about 3 % of the GNI of the Union. It is planned to increase this share to 5 % due to a necessity to cope with the current challenges (security, climate).

about 1 % of GNI, therefore financing of increased defense spending and green transition depends on the fiscal capacity of the member states and on the ability to redirect private investment into green technologies.

about 10% of the GNI of the Union, and one half is spent on common agricultural policy, defense and security, and climate transition.

Current debt ratios are so high that external financing costs have become prohibitively expensive for governments. The new rules shall prevent future debt accumulations and thus increase confidence in bond markets. This should lead to lower interest rates, thus freeing the financial resources needed for public investment in the medium term.

Compliance with the rules was very low and led to the EU debt crisis and current inflation. Therefore, the reform needs to increase penalties levied on member states to increase their motivation for compliance.

The existing rules imply that many member states will be forced to decrease their debt ratios sharply within the next few years. Such coordinated fiscal consolidation would prevent the member states from investing in security and the green transition.