What are the purpose of hammering on the steel and folding the steel over itself during hand forging, and eventually stretching out the steel to the desired geometry of the final product..

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Reduce the grain size to improve mechanical properties.

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Obtain the desirable directional grain structure.

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To work harden the workpiece.

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To obtain a smooth  surface texture.

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To form the martensite phase that will  increase hardness.

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What are the purpose of hammering on the steel and folding the steel over itself...

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