Eye contact

Facial expressions

Written text

Tone of voice

Speaking without any gestures

Avoiding pauses completely

Using a monotone voice

Engaging the audience and using clear articulation

A thumbs-up gesture

A phone call

A smile

A smile

A smile

A handshake

Gestures

Body posture

Facial expressions

Tone, pitch, and speed of speech

Prepare, practice, and take deep breaths

Avoid eye contact with the audience

Read directly from your notes without looking up

Speak as quickly as possible to finish early

Ignoring audience questions

Providing evidence and demonstrating expertise

Using complex language to sound intelligent

Speaking quickly to sound confident

Clear pronunciation

Noise interference

Language differences

Emotional bias

Thinking about what you will say next

Nodding without actually paying attention

Giving full attention, understanding, and responding appropriately

 Interrupting to correct the speaker

Transactional model

Shannon-Weaver model

Interactive model

Linear model