If the albedo of the earth is 30% and incoming solar radiation is 200 W/sq.m, what is the outgoing solar radiation?

For this question you can make the following assumptions:

1. That there is no atmospheric attenuation
2. That the incoming radiation quoted in the question is what actually arrives at the land surface to be either refelcted or absorbed.

Submit your answer in W/sq.m to the nearest integer.

Increasing rainfall extremes will lead to:

15. If you built an unconfined (water table) model, would the drawdown at your pumping well be smaller or larger (absolute magnitude of change)?

14. Based on your answers to all previous questions, which is the most important parameter for your models (i.e., what are your models most sensitive to)?

12. Model boundary conditions represent the real boundaries of your groundwater system. Which of the following features would you model with a Dirichlet (fixed head) boundary?

13. Model boundary conditions represent the real boundaries of your groundwater system. Which of the following features would you model with a Neumann (no flow) boundary?

9. What best describes this model?

10. Can this model be used to simulate temporal changes?

8. If you halve the discretisation of your model, i.e., from ∆x = ∆y = 100 m to ∆x = ∆y = 50 m, what will happen to the model truncation error?

11. Can this model be used to model vertical flows?