A 28-year-old patient returns from a vacation in

Latin America. During his stay in nature, he was often stung by various insects

despite the use of repellents. After returning back, he suffers from high

fever, headache, muscle, and abdominal pain. He has enlarged lymph nodes and

experiences difficulty swallowing. Physical examination reveals nothing unusual

apart from enlarged lymph nodes and a large number of stings on the body. There

are a number of possible causes, so the patient's blood is taken and sent for

laboratory tests. Even a basic blood count suggests what might be going on with

this traveller. One possibility being considered, due to the high eosinophil

count, which is 10% in the differential count, is a parasitic infection.

Finally, Chagas disease is indeed confirmed, which is caused by the parasitic

protozoan

A 46-year-old patient underwent surgery with severe postoperative

bleeding that resulted in anemia. Subsequently, during recovery, increased and

accelerated erythropoiesis occurs in 

A 33-year-old man visits a general

practitioner's office complaining of loss of smell, frequent nosebleeds,

difficulty swallowing, and hoarseness. During the interview he admits to

cocaine use since his college days. Subsequent examination in the ENT clinic,

to which the patient is referred, reveals the presence of severe inflammation

of the nasal mucosa and a disrupted cartilage structure in the nasal septum.

What type of collagen predominates in this type of cartilage?

A 46-year-old woman fell on ice in winter and

broke her tibia. After an X-ray examination, it was decided to cast the limb.

After 2 weeks she presented for a check-up and tightening of the cast; after 8

weeks the cast was removed. During the healing process of the bone fracture, a

blood clot first appears filling the fracture. The clot is remodelled into a

non-specific granulation tissue. This tissue then forms a connective callus. In

the temporary connective tissue, both the fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

differentiate. The connective tissue and cartilage are subsequently replaced by

bone. Which type of bone tissue appears first during the healing process?

Achondroplasia is an

autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral

ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However,

the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is

a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital

arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?

A 75-year-old woman has been suffering from

right hip pain for a long time. An X-ray showed signs of severe osteoarthritis.

Therefore, the patient underwent total hip replacement. Histological

examination of the surgical specimen revealed a significantly damaged articular

surface with marked cartilage degeneration. Which of the following factors is

primarily responsible for the poor regeneration of articular cartilage?

A 29-year-old woman comes to

the doctor for repeated infections caused by Anaplasma (bacteria).

Unfortunately, this particular species is resistant to most antibiotics, so it

is necessary to prescribe an antibiotic from the tetracycline group. These

antibiotics have a high ability to build into the mineral component of newly

formed bone as well as tooth enamel and dentin, thereby damaging these hard

tissues. Given the properties of these antibiotics, what can prevent the use of

a drug from this group?

A 46-year-old woman fell on ice in winter and

broke her tibia. After an X-ray examination, it was decided to cast the limb.

After 2 weeks she presented for a check-up and tightening of the cast; after 8

weeks the cast was removed. During the healing process of the bone fracture, a

blood clot first appears filling the fracture. The clot is remodelled into a

non-specific granulation tissue. This tissue then forms a connective callus. In

the temporary connective tissue, both the fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

differentiate. The connective tissue and cartilage are subsequently replaced by

bone. Which type of bone tissue appears first during the healing process?

An investigator studies tissue healing after knee joint injuries. While bone tissue healing is satisfactory in patients, articular cartilage injuries

heal only minimally. What structure of articular cartilage is missing? This is

the layer in which we find the cells that play a crucial role in cartilage growth.

A 75-year-old woman has been suffering from

right hip pain for a long time. An X-ray showed signs of severe osteoarthritis.

Therefore, the patient underwent total hip replacement. Histological

examination of the surgical specimen revealed a significantly damaged articular

surface with marked cartilage degeneration. Which of the following factors is

primarily responsible for the poor regeneration of articular cartilage?