Read the text carefully and answer the question. Write your answer in Finnish.

The increase of skyscrapers in a city resembles the development of some living systems. Researchers have created an evolutionary genetic algorithm that, on the basis of the historical and economic data of an urban area, can predict what its skyline could look like in the coming years. The method has been applied successfully to the thriving Minato Ward, in Tokyo. 

Mitä algoritmilla voi tehdä?

12.8 One idea is that favourable winter-summer habitats _________ as a result of the movement of continents, forcing birds to cover just a few extra millimetres each year – but vast distances millions of years later.

12.7 All of which still leaves open the question of why some species __________.

12.6 In 2014, Ben Winger at the University of Michigan and his colleagues built a mathematical model to _________  the geographical ranges of the ancestors of hundreds of living species of American songbird.

12.5 Then again, in terms of the ___________ of intercontinental migration, it’s far from clear that all birds making these journeys today started out travelling north from the tropics during the summer.

12.4 Some common swifts flying across the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert took more than two months to complete the southern journey in autumn, while __________.

12.3 One theory is that it comes down to _______.

12.2 But that raises another question: why do these birds risk their lives ________ ?

Choose a word or sentence for each gap that best fits the text context.

THE Arctic tern, a black-crowned seabird weighing no more than a bar of soap, flies from the top of the world to the bottom and back again every year. That’s 40,000 kilometres as the crow flies. But when researchers equipped terns with satellite tracking devices, they discovered that  1. . One individual ended up covering close to 100,000 kilometres – equivalent to more than twice around the planet.

Why bother to migrate?

One theory is that it comes down to 3.. “In the tropics, competition for nesting space is fierce,” says Anders Hedenström at Lund University in Sweden. “So it may well pay to opt out of that fight and fly north, where the food supply peaks in summer and there is more room for nesting – at least if you get there in time, because the best spots may get filled fairly rapidly.”

That might explain why many migratory birds are in such a hurry during their spring migration. Some common swifts flying across the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert took more than two months to complete the southern journey in autumn, while 4..

Then again, in terms of the 5. of intercontinental migration, it’s far from clear that all birds making these journeys today started out travelling north from the tropics during the summer. In 2014, Ben Winger at the University of Michigan and his colleagues built a mathematical model to 6. the geographical ranges of the ancestors of hundreds of living species of American songbird. They found that most long-distance migrants began in the north and started flying south for winter, as opposed to being tropical birds flying north for summer.

All of which still leaves open the question of why some species 7.. Why not find somewhere closer for a winter escape? We’re still a world away from a conclusive answer. One idea is that favourable winter-summer habitats 8. as a result of the movement of continents, forcing birds to cover just a few extra millimetres each year – but vast distances millions of years later.

12.1 But when researchers equipped terns with satellite tracking devices, they discovered that _________.