What's the most typical structure after a verb of research-action?

What tense used in Academic English does it make reference to a research action performed under certain conditions, with certain variables, on a specific time?

What is the most common structure after a VERBUM DICENDI?

What tense reinforces the fact that research can be extended, adapted or repeated using the same or similar conditions?

What tense is used in Academic English when we refer to an action with no temporal ties or temporal limits?

The verb 'to question' is followed by ...

He apologized ...... his mistakes.

Swales challenges new researchers ..... new research topics.

He objects....

Hyland blames students supervisors ..... methodology inconsistencies.