Osmotic pressure controls the growth of microbes through the use of high salt or sugar concentrations.

Penicillins contain a beta lactam group.

100% ethanol is the ideal concentration to ensure a bactericidal effect.

Penicillins disrupt cell wall formation.

Examples of ionising radiation includes gamma rays, x-rays and ultra-violet rays.

Desiccation is an effective means of killing all microbes in a sample.

For sterilisation, the pack temperature of an autoclave must be held at 121°C for 15 minutes.

Pasteurisation is a sterilisation technique.