Process approach

Product approach

Grammar-translation

Direct method

It is quicker to deliver.

It is permanent and allows reflection.

It avoids detailed corrections.

It eliminates the need for grammar practice.

Checking spelling errors

Correcting punctuation

Memorizing vocabulary

Improving content and coherence

By practicing oral repetition

Through noticing, feedback, and reformulation

By memorizing vocabulary lists

Through passive reading exercises

Sentence correction

Peer review

Mind mapping

Memorization drills

It standardizes testing methods.

It focuses exclusively on oral communication

It provides level-specific writing descriptors.

It offers universal grammar rules.

Producing a polished final draft

Highlighting the writing journey

Encouraging exploratory writing

Focusing on brainstorming only

By pooling knowledge and creating new structures

By focusing only on individual tasks

By reducing interactions with peers

By eliminating the need for feedback

Focusing exclusively on fluency

Writing simple phrases about personal information

Linking basic ideas with connectors

Crafting well-structured texts on complex topics

It emphasizes fluency over immediate correctness.

It eliminates the need for editing.

It only focuses on final outcomes.

It provides strict grammar guidelines.